How are condoms tested?

In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates condoms to ensure their safety and effectiveness. Different countries have different regulatory agencies. For example, condoms in Europe that have been properly tested and approved should carry the CE Mark. Elsewhere in the world, you can find that condoms are ISO approved. Also, individual [...]

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The condom history

1000 BC: Condom use can be traced back several thousand years. It is known that around 1000 BC the ancient Egyptians used a linen sheath for protection against disease.1

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Who were invented the condom?

Condom, as everyone knows, is a protective sheathe made from rubbery substance such as latex or polyurethane, close at one end and open at another. It protects the user from Sexually Transmitted Diseases (such as AIDS and many more) and helps in avoiding unwanted pregnancy. Condoms come in different sizes, shapes, colors, flavors etc. They [...]

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Calcium Phosphate and Hydroxyapatite Coatings

Calcium Phosphate Coatings
Porous hydroxyapatite has been accepted that due to its unfavourable mechanical properties it cannot be used under load bearing purposes. For this reason hydroxyapatite has been used as thin film coatings on metallic alloys. Of the metallic alloys investigated titanium based alloys have shown to be the material of preference for thin film [...]

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What is Hydroxyapatite?

Chemical formula
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
Background
Hydroxyapatite is chemically similar to the mineral component of bones and hard tissues in mammals. It is one of few materials that are classed as bioactive, meaning that it will support bone ingrowth and osseointegration when used in orthopaedic, dental and maxillofacial applications.
The chemical nature of hydroxyapatite lends itself to substitution, meaning that it [...]

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Biocomposites – Bone Cement, Hydroxyapatite and Biomimetic Composites for Bone Repair

Bone Cement Composites
During the last 5 years bone cement materials have grown in popularity and are very promising osteoconductive substitutes for bone graft. They are prepared like acrylic cements and contain a range of powders such as monocalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate and calcium carbonate, which is mixed in a solution of sodium phosphate. These cements [...]

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Bone Tissue Engineering

Bone Tissue Engineering

The previous section talked about the pressing need for bone substitutes. [...]

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Bioceramics – The Changing Role of Ceramics and Nanoceramics in Medical Applications

From as early as a century ago, artificial materials and devices have been developed to a point where they can be used to replace various components of the human body. These materials are capable of being in contact with bodily fluids and tissues for prolonged periods of time, whilst eliciting few, if any, adverse reactions. [...]

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Biomaterials – Classifications and Behaviour of Different Types of Biomaterials

Background
Trauma, degeneration and diseases often make surgical repair or replacement necessary. When a person has a joint pain the main concern is the relief of pain and return to a healthy and functional life style. This usually requires replacement of skeletal parts that include knees, hips, finger joints, elbows, vertebrae, teeth, and repair of the [...]

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Biomaterials – The Science and Biology Behind Biomaterials Research

Background
Living learning, self-organising materials systems may sound like an engineer’s dream. But you only have to look down at your own body to see such a system at work. Millions of other systems are out there in the natural world. Mimicking their actions in the human body to aid the restoration of materials made by [...]

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